Influencia de la terapia física en la capacidad funcional de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica / Influence of physical therapy in the functional capacity of patients with ischemic cardiopathy

Introducción: Por lo general los pacientes con antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica no quieren renunciar a una actividad física o deportiva; por otra parte, es indudable que pueden beneficiarse de un plan de ejercicio físico que promueva una mejor calidad de vida. Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad funcional de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica rehabilitados con terapia física, según el trazado ergométrico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal y prospectivo en el Servicio de Terapia Física y Rehabilitación del Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas de Santiago de Cuba durante el bienio 2017-2019, de 41 pacientes que habían padecido un infarto agudo de miocardio y fueron incluidos en un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular. Para determinar la capacidad funcional se comparó el nivel de riesgo cardiovascular y la clase funcional, antes y después de aplicado el programa de ejercicios físicos. Resultados: Se logró modificar la respuesta a la prueba ergométrica en 87,8 % después de aplicado el programa de rehabilitación, en tanto el estado cardiovascular, según el nivel de riesgo de los pacientes, fue modificado en 68,2 % hacia el bajo riesgo y la capacidad funcional mostró una mejoría en 82,9 %. Conclusiones: La aplicación de un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca resultó útil en la mayoría de los pacientes, pues se obtuvo una mejoría significativa de los parámetros cardiovasculares evaluados, lo que apuntó a un restablecimiento de la calidad de vida y de la tolerancia al esfuerzo.

Introduction: Patients with a history of ischemic cardiopathy generally don´t want to abandon a physical or sport activity; on the other side, they can undoubtedly obtain benefits from a physical exercise plan which brings a better life quality. Objective: To evaluate he functional capacity of patients with ischemic cardiopathy who have been rehabilitated with physical therapy, according to the ergometric trace. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out in the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Service from Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Teaching in Santiago de Cuba during the biennium 2007-2019, in 41 patients who had suffered from a myocardial infarction and were included in a cardiovascular rehabilitation program. To determine the functional capacity, the cardiovascular risk level was compared to the functional class before and after the physical exercise. Results: It was achieved to modify the ergometric response in 87.8 % after applying the rehabilitation program, while the cardiovascular state according to the risk level of the patients was modified in 68.2 % towards the low risk and the functional capacity showed an improvement of 82.9 %. Conclusions: The implementation of a cardiac rehabilitation program was useful in most of the patients, and a significant improvement of the evaluated cardiovascular parameters was obtained, what pointed at a reestablishment of the life quality and of tolerance to efforts.

Efeito de diferentes modalidades de treinamento físico no consumo de oxigênio de pico em pacientes pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Effect of different physical training modalities on peak oxygen consumptions in post-acute myocardial infarction patients: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo O treinamento físico é capaz de aumentar o consumo de oxigênio de pico em indivíduos que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio. No entanto, em relação à eficácia de diferentes tipos de intervenções ainda há uma lacuna na literatura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes modalidades de treinamento físico no consumo de oxigênio de pico de pacientes pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio. Foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Scopus e PEDro. Foram incluídos estudos que avaliassem exercícios aeróbicos, de força ou combinados. Seis estudos preencheram elegibilidade. O exercício aeróbico aumentou 6,07 mL.kg-1.min-1 quando comparado ao grupo controle (p = 0,013). Na comparação entre exercício combinado e grupo controle, foi observada uma diferença de 1,84 mL.kg-1.min-1, no entanto, sem significância (p = 0,312). Portanto, concluímos que o exercício aeróbico é a única modalidade que apresenta eficácia para aumentar o consumo de oxigênio de pico em comparação a um grupo controle.

Abstract Physical training can increase peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in people who have suffered acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there is still a gap in the literature in relation to the effectiveness of different types of interventions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different physical training modalities on VO2peak in post-AMI patients. The following databases were used: PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Pedro. Studies that evaluated aerobic exercise, strength exercise, or combined exercise were included. Six studies met eligibility criteria. Aerobic exercise increased VO2peak by 6.07 ml.kg-1.min-1 when compared to the control group (CG) (p = 0.013). The comparison between combined exercise and control group detected a difference of 1.84 ml.kg-1.min-1, but this was not significant (p = 0.312). We therefore conclude that aerobic exercise is the only modality that is effective for increasing VO2peak compared to a control group.

Efecto de la rehabilitación física sobre la tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes con infarto del miocardio / Effect of the physical rehabilitation on blood pressure and the heart frequency in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Introducción: Numerosos estudios epidemiológicos efectuados en las últimas cuatro décadas han demostrado los efectos negativos de la inactividad física, así como los beneficios que representa la práctica regular de ejercicios para la salud en general. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la terapia física sobre la tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica que sufrieron infarto agudo del miocardio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de 41 pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica que sufrieron infarto agudo del miocardio y realizaron ejercicios físicos como parte del tratamiento rehabilitador en el Servicio de Terapia Física y Rehabilitación del Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde mayo de 2017 hasta igual mes de 2018, para lo cual se utilizó una planilla de recolección de datos durante cada sesión del programa de rehabilitación. Resultados: La tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardíaca basal tuvieron una tendencia a la disminución y durante la actividad física aumentaron dentro de los límites aceptados como fisiológicos, lo que demostró una buena respuesta ionotrópica. Conclusiones: El programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular empleado mejoró la capacidad funcional de los afectados luego del infarto del miocardio.

Introduction: Numerous epidemiological studies carried out in the last four decades have demonstrated the negative effects of the physical inactivity, as well as the benefits that the regular practice of exercises represents for health in general. Objective: To evaluate the effect of physical therapy on arterial tension and the heart frequency in patients with ischemic heart disease who suffered acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 41 patients with ischemic heart disease that suffered acute myocardial infarction and carried out physical exercises as part of the rehabilitative treatment in the Service of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from May, 2017 to the same month of 2018, for which a schedule for gathering data was used during each session of the rehabilitation program. Results: The arterial tension and the basal heart frequency had a tendency to decrease and during the physical activity they increased within the limits accepted as physiologic, what demonstrated a good ionotropic response. Conclusions: The used program of cardiovascular rehabilitation improved the functional capacity of those affected after the myocardial infarction.

Efecto de la rehabilitación cardiaca temprana en pacientes incluidos en Código Infarto / Effect of early cardiac rehabilitation in patients included in Codigo Infarto

Resumen Introducción: La rehabilitación cardiaca temprana (RCT) implementada en el protocolo Código Infarto (CI) es una estrategia en la atención del infarto agudo de miocardio. El objetivo fue identificar el efecto de la RCT en pacientes incluidos en CI. Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio ingresados a un hospital de cardiología entre febrero de 2015 y junio de 2017. Se crearon dos grupos: I y II, antes y después de CI y RCT. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1141 pacientes: 220 del grupo I y 921 del grupo II, edad 62.64 ± 10.53 años; 80.9 % hombres y 19.1 % mujeres. Los principales factores de riesgo para los grupos I y II fueron sedentarismo, 92.7 y 77.8 %; dislipidemia, 80.9 y 55.8 %; hipertensión, 63.2 y 62 %; tabaquismo, 66.8 y 59.2 %; y diabetes, 54.5 y 59.1 %. En el grupo II se inició antes la rehabilitación (1.8 ± 1.6 y 4.2 ± 3.2) y los días en terapia intensiva y hospitalización fueron menores (2.4 ± 2.2 y 4.8 ± 4.1; 8.6 ± 5.2 y 12.3 ± 7.7), así como los días de incapacidad (58.6 y 67.7). Conclusiones: CI y RCT son estrategias complementarias que permiten alta temprana de terapia intensiva y hospitalización, mejor calidad de vida y menos días de incapacidad laboral.

Abstract Introduction: Early cardiac rehabilitation (ECR) implemented in the Infarction Code (IC) protocol is a strategy in the care of acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of ECR in IC-included patients. Method: Case-control study. Consecutive patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and admitted to a cardiology hospital between February 2015 and June 2017 were included. Two groups were created: I and II, before and after IC and ECR. Results: We included 1141 patients, 220 in group I and 921 in group II, with an age of 62.64 ± 10.53 years; 80.9 % were males and 19.1 % females. The main risk factors for groups I and II were sedentariness, 92.7 % versus 77.8 %; dyslipidemia, 80.9 % versus 55.8 %; hypertension, 63.2 % versus 62 %; smoking, 66.8 % versus 59.2 %; and diabetes, 54.5 % versus 59.1 %. Rehabilitation was started earlier (1.8 ± 1.6 versus 4.2 ± 3.2) and the days spent in intensive therapy and hospitalization were fewer in group II (2.4 ± 2.2 versus 4.8 ± 4.1 and 8.6 ± 5.2 versus 12.3 ± 7.7, p < 0.0001, respectively), as well as the days of disability (58.6 versus 67.7). Conclusions: IC and ECR are complementary strategies that allow an early discharge from intensive therapy and hospitalization, as well as better quality of life and fewer days of disability leave.

Sistemas de cuidados à saúde de pessoas com infarto do miocárdio: revisão da literatura / Sistemas de cuidados de salud en personas con infarto de miocardio: revisión de la literatura / Health care systems for the treatment of individuals with myocardial infarction: literature review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar na literatura de enfermagem os sistemas de cuidados à saúde utilizados pelas pessoas com infarto do miocárdio. Método: revisão integrativa, realizada em cinco bases de dados, nacionais e internacionais, no período de 2007 a 2017. Identificou-se 398 estudos e 13 foram analisados segundo a categorização dos sistemas de cuidados à saúde (formal e informal). Resultados: verificou-se que o cuidado à saúde sofre influência de valores, crenças e normas sociais, as quais são construídas ao longo da vida e direcionam a busca pelos diferentes sistemas de atendimento durante o episódio agudo do infarto, destacando-se o sistema informal, estruturado por meio da comunidade e da família. Conclusão: a compreensão por parte dos profissionais de enfermagem em relação aos sistemas de cuidados à saúde auxilia na elaboração de ações de educação em saúde e no gerenciamento do cuidado as pessoas acometidas pelo infarto do miocárdio.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura de enfermería los sistemas de cuidados de salud utilizados por las personas con infarto de miocardio Método: Revisión integrativa realizada en cinco bases de datos, nacionales e internacionales, en el período de 2007 a 2017. Se identificaron 398 estudios. Trece fueron analizados según la categorización de los sistemas de cuidados de salud (formal e informal). Resultados: Se verificó que el cuidado de salud resulta influido por valores, creencias y normas sociales, construidas a lo largo de la vida, que orientan la búsqueda de los diferentes sistemas de atención durante el episodio agudo del infarto, destacándose el sistema informal, estructurado a través de la comunidad y la familia. Conclusión: La compresión de los profesionales de enfermería respecto de los sistemas de cuidados de salud ayuda a elaborar acciones de educación en salud y en la gestión del cuidado a las personas que padecieron infarto de miocardio.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the nursing literature the health care systems used by individuals going through myocardial infarction. Method: Integrative review conducted in five national and international databases from 2007 to 2017. In the review, 398 studies were identified and 13 were analyzed according to the classification of the health care systems into formal and informal. Results: Health care was impacted by values, beliefs and social norms constructed throughout the lives of the individuals, and which guide the search for different health care systems during the acute episode of infarction, with emphasis to the informal system structured by the individuals' families and community. Conclusion: The understanding of health care systems by nursing professionals facilitates the elaboration of educational health actions and the management of care to patients going through myocardial infarction.

Influence of Aerobic Training on The Mechanics of Ventricular Contraction After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pilot Study / Influência do Treinamento Aeróbico na Mecânica de Contração Ventricular após Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio: Estudo Piloto

Abstract The study of myocardial contractility, based on the new anatomical concepts that govern cardiac mechanics, represents a promising strategy of analysis of myocardial adaptations related to physical training in the context of post-infarction. We investigated the influence of aerobic training on physical capacity and on the evaluation parameters of left ventricular contraction mechanics in patients with myocardial infarction. Thirty-one patients (55.1 ± 8.9 years) who had myocardial infarction in the anterior wall were prospectively investigated in three groups: interval training group (ITG) (n = 10), moderate training group (MTG) n = 10) and control group (CG) (n = 10). Before and after 12 weeks of clinical follow-up, patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The trained groups performed supervised aerobic training on treadmill, in two different intensities. A statistically significant increase in peak oxygen uptake (VO2) was observed in the ITG (19.2 ± 5.1 at 21.9 ± 5.6 ml/kg/min, p < 0.01) and in the MTG 18.8 ± 3.7 to 21.6 ± 4.5 ml/kg/min, p < 0.01). The GC did not present a statistically significant change in peak VO2. A statistically significant increase in radial strain (STRAD) was observed in the CG: basal STRAD (57.4 ± 16.6 to 84.1 ± 30.9%, p < 0.05), medial STRAD (57.8 ± 27, 9 to 74.3 ± 36.1%, p < 0.05) and apical STRAD (38.2 ± 26.0 to 52.4 ± 29.8%, p < 0.01). The trained groups did not present a statistically significant change of the radial strain. The present study points to a potential clinical application of the parameters of ventricular contraction mechanics analysis, especially radial strain, to discriminate post-infarction myocardial adaptations between patients submitted or not to aerobic training programs.

Resumo O estudo da contratilidade miocárdica, baseado nos novos conceitos anatômicos que regem a mecânica cardíaca, representa uma estratégia promissora de análise das adaptações do miocárdio relacionadas ao treinamento físico no contexto do pós-infarto. Nós investigamos a influência do treinamento aeróbico na capacidade física e nos parâmetros de avaliação da mecânica de contração do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio. Foram prospectivamente investigados 30 pacientes, 55,1 ± 8,9 anos, acometidos por infarto do miocárdio de parede anterior, aleatorizados em três grupos: grupo treinamento intervalado (GTI) (n = 10), grupo treinamento moderado (GTM) (n=10) e grupo controle (GC) (n = 10). Antes e após as 12 semanas de seguimento clínico, os pacientes realizaram teste cardiopulmonar de exercício e ressonância magnética cardíaca. Os grupos treinados realizaram treinamento aeróbico supervisionado, em esteira ergométrica, aplicando-se duas intensidades distintas. Observou-se aumento estatisticamente significante do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) pico no GTI (19,2 ± 5,1 para 21,9 ± 5,6 ml/kg/min, p < 0,01) e no GTM (18,8 ± 3,7 para 21,6 ± 4,5 ml/kg/min, p < 0,01). O GC não apresentou mudança estatisticamente significante no VO2 pico. Houve aumento estatisticamente significante do strain radial (STRAD) somente no GC: STRAD basal (57,4 ± 16,6 para 84,1 ± 30,9%, p < 0,05), STRAD medial (57,8 ± 27,9 para 74,3 ± 36,1%, p < 0,05) e STRAD apical (38,2 ± 26,0 para 52,4 ± 29,8%, p < 0,01). Os grupos treinados não apresentaram mudança estatisticamente significante do strain radial. Os achados do presente estudo apontam para uma potencial aplicação clínica dos parâmetros de análise da mecânica de contração ventricular, notadamente do strain radial, em discriminar adaptações do miocárdio pós-infarto entre pacientes submetidos ou não a programas de treinamento aeróbico.

Controle da pressão central em paciente obeso, após infarto do miocárdio / Control of central pressure in an obese patient, post myocardial infarction

Pacientes hipertensos com evento cardiovascular agudo requerem intervenção adequada com alcance precoce de metas pressóricas pré-definidas, para redução de risco absoluto e residual de desfechos fatais e não fatais. O presente caso clínico trata-se de um paciente obeso, hipertenso que apresentou infarto agudo do miocárdio submetido a cateterismo e angioplastia com sucesso primário. Após alta da Unidade Coronariana, na enfermaria evoluiu com elevação dos valores pressóricos. Foram realizados teste de bioimpedância (para verificar volumetria) e avaliação da pressão central por tonometria de aplanação da artéria radial com Sphygmocor. A conduta a seguir foi orientada pelos resultados dos paramentos hemodinâmicos e realizada a escolha da medicação ideal para o tratamento

Hypertensive patients with an acute cardiovascular event require adequate intervention with early reach of pre-defined blood pressure goals to reduce absolute and residual risk of fatal and nonfatal outcomes. The present case is a hypertensive patient who presented acute myocardial infarction undergoing catheterization and angioplasty with primary success. After discharge from the Coronary Unit, the ward evolved with elevation of blood pressure values. Bioimpedance test (to verify volumetry) and evaluation of the central pressure by tonometry of radial artery aplanation with Sphygmocor were performed. The following conduct was guided by the results of the hemodynamic parameters and the choice of the ideal medication for the treatment was made.

Cuidado familiar após infarto agudo do miocárdio / Family care after acute myocardial infarction / Cuidado familiar después del infarto agudo al miocardio

Objetivo: Descrever o cuidado desenvolvido pelas famílias de pacientes após Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio. Método: Estudo qualitativo e exploratório realizado com seis famílias entre os meses de fevereiro e maio de 2012. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se entrevista com a família. A análise temática constituiu-se de três etapas: pré-análise, exploração do material, tratamento dos resultados obtidos e interpretação. Resultados: O cuidado familiar foi organizado em duas categorias: Cuidado familiar como proteção e Cuidado familiar controlador. Percebeu-se que o modo de cuidar ocorre, muitas vezes, simultaneamente, sendo que o cuidado que protege é o mesmo que controla. Além disso, pode-se afirmar que, no interior do cuidado familiar, existem diversas formas de desenvolver o cuidado, sendo este, portanto, multifacetado. Conclusão: O cuidado familiar desenvolvido após IAM, nas famílias entrevistadas, apresenta, principalmente, características protetivas e de controle. Acredita-se que por meio desses resultados se estará delineando caminhos para a Enfermagem e as outras profissões da área da saúde, favorecendo uma visualização mais aprofundada do cuidado familiar e suas variações.

Objective: To describe the care provided by families of patients after acute Myocardial Infarction. Method: Qualitative and exploratory study performed with six families between February and May of 2012. Interviews with the families were performed for data collection. The thematic analysis involved three steps: pre-analysis, material exploration, processing and interpretation of results. Results: Family care was organized in two categories: Family care as protection and family care as control. It could be observed that both types of care occur, often times, simultaneously, thus providing protection and control. Furthermore, it can be stated that, within the family care, there are several ways to perform the care, making it multifaceted. Conclusion: Family care after acute myocardial infarction can be described as controlling but mostly protecting. From these results, new ways are outlined for Nursing and other health professions, providing a deeper understanding of family care and its variations

Objetivo: Describir el cuidado desarrollado por las familias de pacientes después del infarto agudo al miocardio. Método: Estudio cualitativo y exploratorio realizado con seis familias entre los meses de febrero y mayo de 2012. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista con la familia. El análisis temático constó de tres etapas: pre-análisis, exploración del material, tratamiento de los resultados obtenidos e interpretación. Resultados: El Cuidado familiar fue organizado en dos categorias: Cuidado familiar como protección y Cuidado familiar controlador. Se percibió que el modo de cuidar ocurre, muchas veces, simultáneamente, siendo el cuidado que protege el mismo que controla. Además, se puede afirmar que, en el interior del cuidado familiar, hay distintas maneras de desarrollar el cuidado, siendo este, por lo tanto, multifacético. Conclusión: El cuidado desarrollado por las familias entrevistadas, después de un infarto agudo al miocardio, tiene características de control y sobre todo de protección. Por medio de estos resultados se están delineando caminos para la Enfermería, favoreciendo una visualización más profunda del cuidado familiar y sus variaciones.

Costo efectividad de un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular modelo para personas post infarto agudo al miocardio en el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Norte / Cost effectiveness of a theoretical cardiac rehabilitation program after myocardial infarction

Background: Secondary prevention programs are an essential part of comprehensive care of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and its effectiveness in reducing morbidity or mortality has been proved. Aim: To determine the cost-effectiveness of a theoretical comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CCR) outpatient program after Myocardial Infarction, to be implemented in a Chilean Public Health System. Material and Methods: We designed a theoretical protocol of a CCR program based on recommendations of international guidelines, but adapted to local needs. A cost analysis was developed. Life years due to premature death were estimated with and without participation in CCR. The gained life-years and cost-effectiveness of the program were thus calculated. Results: The annual cost of cardiac rehabilitation center is $ 64,407,065 Chilean pesos (CLP). The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) considering a reduction of late mortality of 25%, is $ 475,209.7 CLP per year of life gained. Since this figure is lower than one unit of per capita gross domestic product, the intervention is considered very cost-effective. Conclusions: A comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program after myocardial infarction is very cost-effective in the context of its implementation in a public health service.

Aerobic Training after Myocardial Infarction: Remodeling Evaluated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance / Exercício Aeróbio após Infarto do Miocárdio: Remodelamento Avaliado por Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca

Abstract Background: Numerous studies show the benefits of exercise training after myocardial infarction (MI). Nevertheless, the effects on function and remodeling are still controversial. Objectives: To evaluate, in patients after (MI), the effects of aerobic exercise of moderate intensity on ventricular remodeling by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Methods: 26 male patients, 52.9 ± 7.9 years, after a first MI, were assigned to groups: trained group (TG), 18; and control group (CG), 8. The TG performed supervised aerobic exercise on treadmill twice a week, and unsupervised sessions on 2 additional days per week, for at least 3 months. Laboratory tests, anthropometric measurements, resting heart rate (HR), exercise test, and CMR were conducted at baseline and follow-up. Results: The TG showed a 10.8% reduction in fasting blood glucose (p = 0.01), and a 7.3-bpm reduction in resting HR in both sitting and supine positions (p < 0.0001). There was an increase in oxygen uptake only in the TG (35.4 ± 8.1 to 49.1 ± 9.6 mL/kg/min, p < 0.0001). There was a statistically significant decrease in the TG left ventricular mass (LVmass) (128.7 ± 38.9 to 117.2 ± 27.2 g, p = 0.0032). There were no statistically significant changes in the values of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and ejection fraction in the groups. The LVmass/EDV ratio demonstrated a statistically significant positive remodeling in the TG (p = 0.015). Conclusions: Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity improved physical capacity and other cardiovascular variables. A positive remodeling was identified in the TG, where a left ventricular diastolic dimension increase was associated with LVmass reduction.

Resumo Fundamento: Vários estudos mostraram os benefícios da prática de exercício após infarto do miocárdio (IM). No entanto, os efeitos na função e no remodelamento são controversos. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do exercício aeróbio de intensidade moderada no remodelamento ventricular em pacientes após IM através de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). Métodos: 26 pacientes do sexo masculino (52,9 ± 7,9 anos), após um primeiro IM, foram designados para dois grupos: grupo treinado (GT), 18; e grupo controle (GC), 8. O GT realizou exercício aeróbio supervisionado em esteira duas vezes por semana, e não supervisionado em 2 dias adicionais por semana, por no mínimo 3 meses. Exames laboratoriais, medidas antropométricas, frequência cardíaca (FC) de repouso, teste de esforço e RMC foram realizados na condição basal e no seguimento. Resultados: O GT apresentou redução de 10,8% na glicemia de jejum (p = 0,01), e de 7,3 bpm na FC de repouso nas posições sentada e supina (p < 0,0001). Houve aumento no consumo de oxigênio apenas no GT (de 35,4 ± 8,1 para 49,1 ± 9,6 ml/kg/min, p < 0,0001) e diminuição estatisticamente significativa na massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) no GT (de 128,7 ± 38,9 para 117,2 ± 27,2 g, p = 0,0032). Não houve alterações estatisticamente significativas no volume diastólico final ventricular esquerdo (VDFVE) nem na fração de ejeção nos grupos. A relação MVE/VDFVE demonstrou remodelamento positivo estatisticamente significativo no GT (p = 0,015). Conclusões: Observou-se remodelamento positivo no GT, onde o aumento da dimensão diastólica ventricular esquerda associou-se com redução da MVE. O exercício aeróbio de intensidade moderada melhorou a capacidade física e outras variáveis cardiovasculares.

Costo efectividad de un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular para personas post infarto agudo al miocardio: un análisis teórico / Cardiovascular rehabilitation program in post myocardial infarction: a theoretical analysis of cost effectiveness

Pese a que la efectividad de los programas de prevención secundaria en pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) ha sido ampliamente demostrada, su implementación tanto Chile como a nivel internacional ha sido pobre. Objetivo: Determinar la tasa costo-efectividad de una propuesta teórica de Programa de Rehabilitación cardiovascular (PRC) basada en la evidencia y validada por expertos, en personas post Infarto Agudo al Miocardio (IAM) en el nivel secundario de atención en salud, pertenecientes al Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Norte, Región Metropolitana. Método: Se elaboró un protocolo teórico de un PRC integral basado en las guías clínicas internacionales (AHA, AACVPD, NICE, ESC, NHMRC, Victoria), ajustado a la realidad chilena, el cual fue costeado. Luego se estimó los años de vida por muerte prematura con y sin participación en un PRC, para obtener finalmente los Años de Vida Ganados (AVG). Con ello se calculó la tasa de costo-efectividad. Resultados: El costo anual del centro de rehabilitación cardíaca es de $64.407.065 CLP. La Razón Incremental de Costo Efectividad (ICER), considerando una reducción de la mortalidad tardía del 25%, es de CLP$475.209,72/AVG. Valor que al ser menor al Producto Interno Bruto per cápita, se considera como una intervención muy costo efectiva. Conclusión: Un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca integral post-IAM parece muy costo-efectivo.

Although the effectiveness of secondary prevention programs in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been widely demons-trated, its implementation both in Chile and other countries has been scarce. Aim: To determine the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based theoretical comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CCR), validated by experts, for post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients at the secondary level from the Chilean Public Health System. Methods: A theoretical protocol of a CCR program based on recommendations from international guidelines (AHA, AACVPD, NICE, ESC, NHMRC, Victoria) was elaborated and adjusted to the Chilean conditions. A cost analysis was performed. Life years due to premature death were estimated with and without participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program (CRP). We obtained gained life-years, and calculated the ratio of cost-effectiveness. Results: The annual cost of the cardiac rehabilitation center is $ 64,407,065 CLP. The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) considering a reduction in late mortality of 25%, is CLP$475.209,72/ AVG. Since it is less than one per capita gross domestic product, it is considered as a very cost-effective intervention. Conclusion: A comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program post AMI is very cost-effective for use in a in public health service. It should be considered to review Optimal frequency and intensity of exercise in order to achieve optimal results should be determined.

Pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio después de su primer evento: relato de experiencias vividas en el Programa de Rehabilitación Cardíaca / Patients with acute myocardial infarction after your first event: narration of vivid experiences in the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

El objetivo fue describir las experiencias vividas por los pacientes después de su primer evento de infarto, identificar, analizar e interpretar las emociones expresadas, en el programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca del Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular (INCOR). Trayectoria Metodológica: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cualitativo, método descriptivo con abordaje holístico y análisis de contenido, que se centró en describir una situación psicológica que afecta el estado físico y emocional del paciente al haber sufrido un evento coronario. La técnica fue una entrevista a profundidad, y el instrumento un cuestionario semiestructurada. Resultados: Los hallazgos permitieron establecer el actuar de la enfermera, dirigidas a un cuidado humanizado, con el fin de ayudar al paciente a minimizar sentimientos negativos, y favorecer una evolución más satisfactoria de su proceso de enfermedad. Consideraciones Finales: Los pacientes que viven la experiencia del dolor del infarto agudo de miocardio, lo describen como fuerte, intenso, agobiante, desesperante. Los pacientes que viven la experiencia del infarto experimentan diversas emociones y sentimientos de temor a la muerte, inutilidad, frustración para desarrollar sus roles, depresión, angustia e incertidumbre, considerados como emociones negativas frente a un evento fortuito; pero pasada la vivencia, origina nuevos replanteamientos de rol y lo ven como una oportunidad de cambio en su estilo y calidad de vida...

The aim was to describe the experiences of patients following their first event of attack, to identify, analyze and interpret the emotions expressed in the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program National Institute of Cardiovascular. Methodological path: The study was level application, qualitative, descriptive method with holistic approach and content analysis, which focused on describing a psychological situation that affects the physical and emotional state of the patient to have suffered a coronary event. The technique was an in-depth interview and the instrument a semistructured questionnaire. Results: The findings allowed establishing the nurse act aimed at humanized care, in order to help the patient to minimize negative feelings, and favor a more satisfactory evolution of their disease process. Final Considerations: Los patients who experience the pain of acute myocardial infarction, describe him as strong, intense, overwhelming, and frustrating. Patients who experience infarct experience different emotions and feelings of fear of death, helplessness, frustration to develop their roles, depression, anxiety and uncertainty, regarded as negative emotions against a fluke; but last experience, creates new rethinking of the role and see it as an opportunity for change in style and quality of life...

La entrevista motivacional y la adherencia de los pacientes en pos infarto agudo de miocardio / Motivational interviewing and adherence in post-acute myocardial infarction patients

La adherencia al tratamiento es uno de los pilares fundamentales del manejo de los pacientes que han sufrido un infarto agudo de miocardio, por lo que la búsqueda de estrategias que la fomenten se hace imprescindible en un intento por mejorar la calidad de vida y reducir las complicaciones derivadas de la enfermedad. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de una estrategia de enfermería basada en la entrevista motivacional, sobre la adherencia al tratamiento de pacientes en pos infarto agudo de miocardio, que asisten a la fase II de un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca en la ciudad de Bogotá. Para ello, este estudio se desarrolló a partir de un diseño de tipo cuasi experimental en el cual la variable independiente fue la estrategia de enfermería basada en la entrevista motivacional y la variable dependiente la adherencia al tratamiento. Los pacientes de la muestra fueron asignados aleatoriamente tanto al grupo control como al grupo experimental. El grupo control recibió la intervención usual del programa de rehabilitación cardiaca, mientras que el grupo experimental recibió de forma adicional la intervención de enfermería, la cual se basó en la realización de tres sesiones de entrevista motivacional, cada una con un intervalo de una semana. Por otra parte, la adherencia al tratamiento fue medida en tres momentos: al inicio del estudio y una y cinco semanas después de culminadas las tres sesiones de entrevista motivacional. El análisis de resultados solo dejó ver cambios estadísticamente significativos entre el grupo control y el grupo experimental, en la dimensión relacionada con el manejo de las situaciones tensionantes en la tercera medición. No obstante en análisis intra-grupal reveló para el grupo experimental diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto en los resultados globales de adherencia como en las dimensiones, en los diferentes momentos de medición, lo cual invita a la implementación de la entrevista motivacional como parte de las actividades cotidianas de cuidado de los profesionales de enfermería que atienden pacientes en pos infarto agudo de miocardio.

Adherence to treatment is one of the cornerstones of the management of patients who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction, so the search for strategies that encourage the adherence is essential in an attempt to improve the quality of life and reduce complications resulting from the disease. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a nursing strategy based on motivational interviewing over the adherence of patients after acute myocardial infarction, who attend a Phase II of cardiac rehabilitation program in Bogotá. This study was developed from a quasi-experimental design in which the independent variable was the nursing strategy based on motivational interviewing and the dependent variable was the adherence. For the development of this research, patients in the sample were randomly assigned to both the control group and the experimental group. The control group received the usual intervention of cardiac rehabilitation program, while the experimental group received additionally nursing intervention, which was based on the realization of three sessions of motivational interviewing, each with a weekly interval. Moreover, the treatment adherence was measured on three moments: at baseline and one and five weeks after culminated the three sessions of motivational interviewing. The analysis of results only show statistically significant changes between the control group and the experimental group, in the dimension related to the management of stressful situations in the third measurement. However, the intra-group analysis revealed for the experimental group statistically significant differences in the overall results of adherence and the dimensions in different times of measurement, which invites the implementation of motivational interviewing as part of the daily activities of care of nurses who care for patients after acute myocardial infarction.

Infarct Size as Predictor of Systolic Functional Recovery after Myocardial Infarction / Tamanho do Infarto como Preditor de Recuperação da Função Sistólica após Infarto do Miocárdio

Background: The effects of modern therapy on functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are unknown. Objectives: To evaluate the predictors of systolic functional recovery after anterior wall AMI in patients undergoing modern therapy (reperfusion, aggressive platelet antiaggregant therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers). Methods: A total of 94 consecutive patients with AMI with ST-segment elevation were enrolled. Echocardiograms were performed during the in-hospital phase and after 6 months. Systolic dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction value < 50%. Results: In the initial echocardiogram, 64% of patients had systolic dysfunction. Patients with ventricular dysfunction had greater infarct size, assessed by the measurement of total and isoenzyme MB creatine kinase enzymes, than patients without dysfunction. Additionally, 24.5% of patients that initially had systolic dysfunction showed recovery within 6 months after AMI. Patients who recovered ventricular function had smaller infarct sizes, but larger values of ejection fraction and E-wave deceleration time than patients without recovery. At the multivariate analysis, it can be observed that infarct size was the only independent predictor of functional recovery after 6 months of AMI when adjusted for age, gender, ejection fraction and E-wave deceleration time. Conclusion: In spite of aggressive treatment, systolic ventricular dysfunction remains a frequent event after the anterior wall myocardial infarction. Additionally, 25% of patients show functional recovery. Finally, infarct size was the only significant predictor of functional recovery after six months of acute myocardial infarction. .

Fundamento: Os efeitos da terapêutica moderna na recuperação funcional após o infarto agudo do miocárdio não são conhecidos. Objetivos: Avaliar os fatores preditores da recuperação funcional sistólica após infarto agudo do miocárdio de parede anterior em pacientes submetidos à terapia moderna (reperfusão, antiagregação plaquetária agressiva, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e betabloqueadores). Métodos: Foram incluídos 94 pacientes consecutivos com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Ecocardiogramas foram realizados na fase intra-hospitalar e após 6 meses. Disfunção sistólica foi definida pela presença de fração de ejeção de valor < 50%. Resultados: No ecocardiograma inicial, 64% dos pacientes apresentaram disfunção sistólica. Os pacientes com disfunção ventricular apresentaram tamanhos maiores de infarto, avaliados pelas enzimas creatinofosfoquinase total e isoenzima MB, que os pacientes sem disfunção. Adicionalmente, 24,5% dos pacientes inicialmente com disfunção sistólica apresentaram recuperação no período de 6 meses após o infarto agudo do miocárdio. Os pacientes que recuperaram a função ventricular apresentaram menores tamanhos de infarto, mas maiores valores da fração de ejeção e tempo de desaceleração da onda E que pacientes sem recuperação. Na análise multivariada, observa-se que o tamanho de infarto foi o único fator preditor independente de recuperação funcional após 6 meses de infarto, quando ajustado pela idade, sexo, fração de ejeção e tempo de desaceleração da onda E. Conclusão: Apesar do tratamento agressivo, a disfunção ventricular ...

Efeito do exercício associado ao transplante de células-tronco sobre a função ventricular de ratos pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio / Effect of exercise associated with stem cell transplantation on ventricular function in rats after acute myocardial infarction

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da associação terapêutica entre o transplante autólogo de células-tronco e o exercício físico aquático, sobre a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) de ratos com disfunção ventricular pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). MÉTODOS: Foram induzidos ao IAM, por ligadura da artéria coronária esquerda, 21 ratos Wistar. Os animais foram submetidos à ecocardiografia para avaliação da FEVE (%) e dos volumes diastólico e sistólico finais do ventrículo esquerdo (VDF, VSF, ml), randomizados e ao transplante das células-tronco mononucleares. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo sedentário sem células (n=5), sedentário com células (n=5), treinado sem células (n=5) e treinado com células (n=6). O treinamento físico foi iniciado 30 dias após o IAM e realizado em piscina adaptada durante 30 dias. No início e no final do protocolo de treinamento físico, foram realizadas dosagens de lactato. Os animais foram submetidos a nova ecocardiografia após 60 dias do IAM. RESULTADOS: Comparação dos valores de FEVE 30 dias e 60 dias pós-IAM, respectivamente: sedentário sem (35,20 ± 7,64% vs. 22,39 ± 4,56% P=0,026), com células (25,18 ± 7,73% vs. 23,85 ± 9,51% P=0,860) e no treinado sem (21,49 ± 2,70% vs. 20,71 ± 7,14% P=0,792), treinado com células (28,86 ± 6,68 vs. 38,43 ±7,56% P=0,062). Identificou-se a diminuição de fibras colágenas, nas regiões de fibrose miocárdica no grupo treinado com e sem células. CONCLUSÃO: A associação terapêutica entre exercício físico e o transplante autólogo de células-tronco foi benéfica contra as ações do remodelamento ventricular.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the functional and anatomical-pathological effect of transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells associated to aquatic physical activity after myocardial infarction in rats. METHODS: Twenty-one rats were induced by myocardial infarction, through left coronary artery ligation. After a week, the animals were subjected to echocardiography for evaluation of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF, %) and dyastolic and end systolic volume of the left ventricle (EDV, ESV, ml), randomized and the transplantation of mononuclear stem cells. The animals were divided into four groups: sedentary group without cells (n=5), sedentary with cells (n=5), trained without cells (n=5) and trained with cells (n=6). The physical training was started 30 days after infarction and held in swimming during 30 days. At the beginning and at the end of the physical training protocol were held assay of lactate. The animals have been subjected to new echocardiography after 60 days of myocardial infarction. RESULTS: Two months after the transplant, were observed decrease in FE in the control group (35.2 to 23.54 P=0.022) and addition of LVEF and stabilization of ventricular remodeling in the group trained with cells (29.85 to 33.43% P=0.062 and 0.71 to 0.73 ml, P=0.776, respectively). Identified the reduction of collagen fibers, myocardial fibrosis regions in the group trained with and without cells. CONCLUSION: The group trained with cells improves ventricular function compared to the control group, suggesting the benefit of associated cell therapy will physical activity.

Influencia de la rehabilitación cardíaca sobre la tasa de re-hospitalización en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio, Santander, Colombia / The influence of cardiac rehabilitation on acute myocardial infarction patients' readmission rate in Santander, Colombia

Objetivo Estimar el efecto de la rehabilitación cardiaca (RC) pos-infarto, según sus niveles de intervención, sobre las tasas de re-hospitalización. Métodos Estudio de cohorte prospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico de IAM. Se obtuvieron datos sobre gravedad del infarto, antecedentes, historia médica, evolución intrahospitalaria, clasificación Killip, estancia y condición de egreso. A través de la historia clínica electrónica y mediante contacto telefónico se constató si el paciente recibió RC y cuáles fueron sus componentes; el seguimiento se extendió hasta por un año. Resultados Se incluyeron 96 pacientes de ambos sexos con IAM. En 72 se contó con información sobre RC; 5 de los cuales recibieron RC basada únicamente en actividad física; 49 pacientes recibieron una RC más completa que integró actividad física, educación, psicología y nutrición; 18 pacientes no recibieron RC. Durante el seguimiento, se registraron 10 nuevas hospitalizaciones y una muerte. En un modelo de Poisson, los pacientes cuya RC se basó sólo en la actividad física presentaron una tasa de re-hospitalizaciones significativamente mayor que la de los pacientes que recibieron un esquema completo de RC (Razón de tasas: 5,89; IC 95 %:1,14-30,49; ρ=0,04). Conclusiones La RC debe tener un enfoque multidisciplinario, que además del componente físico, incluya el psicológico, nutricional y educativo.

Objective Estimating the effect of post-infarction cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on readmission/re-hospitalization rates according to intervention level. Method This was a prospective cohort study of patients diagnosed as suffering acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Data concerning infarction severity, previous illness, medical history, hospital course, Killip classification, length of hospital stay and condition on discharge. Medical records and telephone contact were used to confirm whether a patient had received CR and ascertain pertinent components. Follow-up was extended to one year. Results 96 AMI patients of both genders were included; information about CR was available for 72 of them,5 of whom had received CR based only on physical activity. 49 patients received complete CR based on education, physical activity, psychological and nutritional assessment. 18 patients had not received CR. One death and 10 new admissions/hospitalizations were recorded during follow-up. A Poisson regression model showed that patients who had received CR based only on physical activity presented significantly higher re-hospitalization rates than patients who had received a complete CR scheme (rate ratio 5.89:1.14-30.4995 % CI; p=0.04). Conclusions A multidisciplinary approach must bead opted to CR involving physical activity, education and psychological and nutritional assessment.

Relación entre la aplicación de un protocolo de tratamiento kinésico y la variación de parámetros hemodinámicos en pacientes con patología cardiovascular recientemente operados / Hemodynamic profile of patients was undergoing cardiac surgery and their relationships with the application of a respiratory physical therapy protocol

Objetivo: Analizar el perfil hemodinámico de pacientesoperados de cirugía cardiaca y su relación con la aplicaciónde un protocolo de tratamiento kinésico. La hipótesis detrabajo establece que no existe relación entre la aplicación deun protocolo de tratamiento kinésico y la generación decambios hemodinámicos deletéreos...

Background: This study proposes to analyze the profilehemodynamic of patients was undergoing cardiac surgeryand their relationships with the application of a respiratoryphysical therapy protocol. The hypothesis was that there isnot a relation between the application of a respiratoryphysiotherapy protocol and the generation of changes hemodynamicsdeleterious...